Under its zero-Covid policy, China has used lockdowns, mass testing and travel restrictions to stamp out infections.
The strategy is under strain, with the highly transmissible Omicron variant punching through health controls.
Rolling virus restrictions -- including a weeks-long lockdown of virtually all of Shanghai's 26 million residents -- have damaged the economy, causing backlogs at the world's busiest container port, a key node in the global supply chain.
On Thursday, Guangzhou, a major trade and manufacturing hub in southern China, announced mass testing for almost a third of its near 19 million residents after an "abnormal" test result was detected at its airport, where most flights have been cancelled.
Meanwhile, the tech hub of Hangzhou near Shanghai late on Wednesday ordered 9.4 million downtown residents out of its 12.2 million population to get tested every 48 hours if they want to access public spaces and transportation.
The aim is "that the virus has nowhere to hide or settle", the city government said in a statement, raising fears of further restrictions across a city home to some of China's biggest companies.
China reported 11,367 new infections on Thursday, a small daily tally compared with most major global economies, but enough to rattle authorities in the country where the coronavirus was first detected in late 2019, but that had until recently emerged relatively unscathed by the pandemic.
Over 10,000 of those cases were detected in Shanghai, where cases are trending downwards after a weeks-long lockdown which has enraged residents and seen rare protests against a government accused of bungling the response and failing to feed people confined at home.
The city is waging a campaign to reach "zero-Covid at the community level" -- meaning no transmissions outside locked-down areas.
In recent days, more housing compounds have lifted movement restrictions and authorities on Thursday said 90 percent of new infections were found in quarantined areas.
Around 50 new cases were found in Beijing, the seat of government for President Xi Jinping, who has until now hailed China's virus response as an example of the superiority of the country's leadership.
The capital launched mass testing of nearly all its 21 million residents this week and locked down more housing compounds in its populous Chaoyang district Thursday.
Residents are on high alert of a potential wider lockdown, with large gatherings, group travel and weddings suspended and some schools moving online.
