China claims most of the energy-rich waters of the South China Sea (Vietnam's East Sea), through which about $5 trillion in ship-borne trade passes every year. But neighbours Brunei, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Vietnam also have claims.
China's transport ministry held a "completion ceremony", marking the start of operations at the 55-metre (180-ft) high lighthouse on Subi Reef, where construction began in October, state news agency Xinhua said late on Tuesday.
The U.S. guided missile destroyer USS Lassen sailed within 12 nautical miles of Subi Reef in late October, drawing an angry rebuke from China, which called it "extremely irresponsible".
Subi Reef is an artificial island built up by China over the past year or so.
Before Chinese dredging turned it into an island, Subi was submerged at high tide. Under the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea, 12-nautical-mile limits cannot be set around man-made islands built on previously submerged reefs.
China says much of its construction in the South China Sea (Vietnam's East Sea) is designed to fulfil its international obligations in terms of maritime safety, search and rescue and scientific research.
Xinhua said the lighthouse, which emits a white light at night, "can provide efficient navigation services such as positioning reference, route guidance and navigation safety information to ships, which can improve navigation management and emergency response".
The South China Sea (Vietnam's East Sea) is an important maritime area and major fishing ground, it added.
"However, high traffic density, complex navigation condition, severe shortage in aids and response forces have combined to threaten navigation safety and hindered economic and social development in the region."
China has lighthouse projects on two other reefs in the area - Cuarteron Reef and Johnson South Reef.