Miyazaki airport in southern Japan originated in 1943 as an imperial Japanese navy base, sending dozens of "kamikaze" aircraft on suicide missions.
Footage obtained by AFP showed a plume of earth blasting at least 10 m into the air on the edge of a taxiway at the airport on the island of Kyushu.
The explosion, which blew a hole in the tarmac a few meters across, occurred just less than a minute after an aircraft rolled past towards a runway, footage showed.
There were no reports of injuries but dozens of flights were cancelled on Wednesday, affecting more than 3,400 passengers.
The Self-Defence Forces’ (SDF) bomb disposal team investigated and concluded that it was a "U.S.-made 250 kg bomb", an SDF spokesman told AFP.
Other unexploded U.S. ordnance dropped was reportedly found in 2021 and 2011 in the airport, as well as at a nearby construction site in 2009.